Cosmology View
My views on Cosmology and Physics
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Book by David Michalets
An (original) line precedes original content from the source.
A (remark) line precedes my remark from my review of the preceding original content.
My remark applies to only this section of the original.
Section V of 35
(original)
IN order to attain the greatest possible clear ness, let us return to our example of the rail way carriage supposed to be travelling uniformly. We call its motion a uniform translation ("uniform" because it is of constant velocity and direction, "translation" because although the carriage changes its position relative to the embankment yet it does not rotate in so doing).
Let us imagine a raven flying through the air in such a manner that its motion, as observed from the embankment, is uniform and in a straight line.
If we were to observe the flying raven from the moving railway carriage, we should find that the motion of the raven would be one of different velocity and direction, but that it would still be uniform and in a straight line. Expressed in an abstract manner we may say: If a mass m is moving uniformly in a straight line with respect to a co-ordinate system K, then it will also be moving uniformly and in a straight line relative to a second co-ordinate system K', provided that the latter is executing a uniform translatory motion with respect to K. In accordance with the discussion contained in the preceding section, it follows that: If K is a Galileian co-ordinate system, then every other co-ordinate system K' is a Galileian one, when, in relation to K, it is in a condition of uniform motion of translation. Relative to K'
the mechanical laws of Galilei-Newton hold good exactly as they do with respect to K.
We advance a step farther in our generalisation when we express the tenet thus: If, relative to K, K' is a uniformly moving co-ordinate system devoid of rotation, then natural phenomena run their course with respect to K' according to
exactly the same general laws as with respect to K. This statement is called the principle of relativity (in the restricted sense).
As long as one was convinced that all natural phenomena were capable of representation with the help of classical mechanics, there was no need to doubt the validity of this principle of relativity.
But in view of the more recent development of electrodynamics and optics it became more and more evident that classical mechanics affords an insufficient foundation for the physical description of all natural phenomena. At this juncture the question of the validity of the principle of relativity became ripe for discussion, and it did not appear impossible that the answer to this question might be in the negative. Nevertheless, there are two general facts which at the outset speak very much in favour of the validity of the principle of relativity. Even though classical mechanics does not supply us with a sufficiently broad basis for the theoretical presentation of all physical phenomena, still we must grant it a considerable measure of "truth," since it supplies us with the actual motions of the heavenly bodies with a delicacy of detail little short of wonderful. The principle of relativity must therefore apply with great accuracy in the domain of mechanics. But that a principle of such broad generality should hold with such exactness in one domain of phenomena, and yet should be invalid for another, is a priori not very probable. We now proceed to the second argument, to which, moreover, we shall return later. If the principle of relativity (in the restricted sense) does not hold, then the Galileian co-ordinate systems K, K', K'', etc., which are moving uniformly relative to each other, will not be equivalent for the description of natural phenomena. In this case we should be constrained to believe that natural laws are capable of being formulated in a particularly simple manner, and of course only on condition that, from amongst all possible Galileian co-ordinate systems, we should have chosen one (K0) of a particular state of motion as our body of reference. We should then be justified (because of its merits for the description of natural phenomena) in calling this system "absolutely at rest," and all other Galileian systems K "in motion." If, for instance, our embankment were the system K0, then our railway carriage would be a system K, relative to which less simple laws would hold than with respect to K0. This diminished simplicity would be due to the fact that the carriage K would be in motion (i.e. "really") with respect to K0. In the general laws of nature which have been formulated with reference to K, the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the carriage would necessarily play a part. We should expect,
for instance, that the note emitted by an organpipe placed with its axis parallel to the direction of travel would be different from that emitted if the axis of the pipe were placed perpendicular to this direction. Now in virtue of its motion in an orbit round the sun, our earth is comparable with a railway carriage travelling with a velocity of about 30 kilometres per second. If the principle of relativity were not valid we should therefore expect that the direction of motion of the earth at any moment would enter into the laws of nature, and also that physical systems in their behaviour would be dependent on the orientation in space with respect to the earth. For owing to the alteration in direction of the velocity of rotation * of the earth in the course of a year, the earth cannot be at rest relative to the hypothetical system K0 throughout the whole year. However, the most careful observations have never revealed such anisotropic properties in terrestrial physical space, i.e. a physical non-equivalence of different directions. This is a very powerful argument in favour of the principle of relativity.
[*
The word "rotation" was correctly changed to "revolution" in later editions. — J.M.]
(remark)
Like other sections, Einstein notes each observer measures a trajectory, here it is a raven, based on their selected coordinate system and its reference point.
He notes the Earth is in a yearly orbit around the Sun, so this motion must be considered.
His conclusion in one paragraph:
For owing to the alteration in direction of the velocity of [Earth's orbit around the Sun] of the earth in the course of a year, the earth cannot be at rest relative to the hypothetical system K0 throughout the whole year. However, the most careful observations have never revealed such anisotropic properties in terrestrial physical space, i.e. a physical non-equivalence of different directions. This is a very powerful argument in favour of the principle of relativity.
(remark)
Physics is the science of motion. As noted in the arlier sections, II and IV,
Observers or instruments measure positions of objects in physical space, using a defined coordinate system having a physical reference point. In section V, the raven is the object whose path is measured.
An observer on the train can measure distances to the raven from a physical point on the moving train.
An observer on the embankment can measure distances to the raven from a physical point onthe ground.
The user of this datamust decide whether this data set is acceptable.
Only section III, with someone dropping a stone, has a distance measured relative to an observer, the one dropping the stone.
In the other sections, the positions are measured in relation to a physical reference point. The data are observer independent in each story.
None of these sections described a scenario which required an accommodation of Earth in orbit.
Each scenario was operator independent. That is important in physics for verification of results.
Another step could be describing the motion by using a different coordinate system and a different physical reference point for that system.
Using the Earth is almost meaningless, when measuring the latitude and longitude of the train, stone or raven. The train or embarkment are the appropriate choices for an observer independent reference point.
Einstein ends this section with an unjustified conclusion.
Einstein claims the "never revealed such anisotropic properties in terrestrial physical space, i.e. a physical non-equivalence of different directions. This is a very powerful argument in favour of the principle of relativity."
(remark)
The wording in the section's last paragraph is awkward. Either:
a) the Earth's orbital motion had an effect or it did not, or
b) Einstein was expecting no effect, so when none was detected, this was in favour, or
c) something else.
This is section V, but the sum of them have not provided a convincing argument in favour.
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last change 05/07/2022